Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

I have always found the dichotomy between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois interesting.  Both men grew up in relatively the same time period, yet both had very different experiences which inspired their works Up From Slavery (Washington) and The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois).  Once you understand where each man is coming from, it is easier to understand their point of views when it comes to racial equality.

Washington was born into slavery in Virginia and did not know the identity of his father, but did know that he was white.  Nothing was handed to Washington, he had to struggle for every bit of success he ever achieved.  His "struggle for an education" began when he decided to attend a trade school in Virginia.  While he attended the Hampton Institute, Washington worked as a servant in exchange for his education.  Perhaps this is where he obtained his philosophy for racial equality.  Washington believed that in order to achieve social equality, African Americans must first achieve economic equality.  He believed that in order to achieve equality African Americans must work together with whites.  Washington obtained his education and was able to achieve success through hard work and cooperation, so it is easy to see why he thinks this is the key to racial equality.

Du Bois, on the opposite end of the spectrum, was born in Massachusetts.  The town Du Bois grew up in was a small town that was fairly secluded from the segregation that was rampant in the south.  After he graduated High School, Du Bois went south to Fisk University to attend college.  It was there that he experienced segregation and racism in a way that he had never experienced it before.  This is likely where Du Bois developed his extreme separatist attitude.  He was highly opposed to Booker T. Washington's philosophy of accommodation and economic equality coming before social equality.  He believed that African Americans had been laying down arms for too long, and it was time to turn to the extremes.  

Du Bois and Washington had two completely different experiences growing up and going to school.  Learning about both of their backgrounds allows you to read their works and understand their positions on racial equality much better.  It's not that either man was in the wrong, nor was either one of them completely in the right.  They were just two completely different men who led two completely different lives.  These separate paths shaped their views about their race and gave them different perspectives as to how to achieve racial equality.

Elaine Goodale Eastman "The Cross and the Pagan"

Elaine Goodale Eastman played an integral role in the education of Native American youth.  She began teaching at a boarding school for Native Americans, but then moved to a Sioux reservation in order to teach where her students came from.  Knowing this, one can look at her poem "The Cross and the Pagan" as a testament to the Native American way of life.  

In the poem, Eastman talks about the missionaries and their attempts to "save" the Native American people.  The Native Americans were not pagan people as these missionaries assumed, rather they worshipped God through nature and the gifts He had given them.  Although they did not know the words of the Bible and were not practicing a Christian faith, they knew that a higher power was responsible for them and the world they lived in.  

 

Towards the end of the poem, Eastman likens the bloodshed suffered by the Native Americans to the blood Christ shed on the cross.  She writes, "Your sad, sweet Christ--we called him Lord;/He promised us peace, but he brought a sword;/In shame and sorrow, in pain and loss,/We have drunk his cup; we have borne his Cross!"  With these lines, Eastman is bringing to light the brutality suffered by the Native Americans.  They were a peaceful and faithful people, and the disruption of their daily lives was completely unwarranted.  After reading this poem, it is easy to see Eastman's passion for the plight of the Native Americans and her rejection of the idea that they are "pagans".

Jack London "South of the Slot"

I remember reading "To Build a Fire" in junior high and thinking that if I ever had to read anything my this Jack London fellow ever again I would simply refuse.  Then I saw that we were going to be reading one of his short stories, and an overwhelming sense of dread swept over me.  But I thought, hey, that was junior high.  Maybe my more sophisticated college self will appreciate the nuances of Jack London's writing.  As it turns out, I did.

In "South of the Slot", London brings up several issues.  He approaches the idea of class and wealth, and how that affects a man's character.  The duality of man and society is the overall theme of this work.  I thought it interesting how this theme could be translated to modern society.  Many people live their lives in search of something more exciting.  They feel as though they live their lives as passionless drones of society.  I believe that's how Freddie Drummond felt.  He didn't really stand for anything.  He was simply an academic, living much of his life in isolation.  

However, when he went south of the slot and became Bill Totts he finally stood for something.  He was no longer just a face in the crowd.  He was revered as a strong and passionate man.  Finally he had found a way to live his life for something, rather than just merely existing.  

Isn't this the ultimate goal in life?  To live your life for some purpose that is greater than yourself?  We don't all have to become some alternate personality to accomplish this.  Rather, we can simply find this passion and purpose in our own lives.  We can become that powerful leader that Bill Totts was, while still living our lives as Freddie Drummond.